For safety purposes a range as wide as 2,673–6,702 J has been stated for a gram of TNT upon explosion. A large open explosion of TNT may maintain fireball temperatures high enough so that some of those products do burn up with atmospheric oxygen. Gas-expansion and pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. However even on this basis, comparing the actual energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT can be slightly inaccurate. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4,686 J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4,853 J/g. Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. Historical derivation of the value Īlternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in asteroid impacts. The kiloton and megaton of TNT equivalent have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The " megaton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules ( 4.184 ×10 15 J). The " kiloton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules ( 4.184 ×10 12 J).
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184 kilojoules (or 4,184 joules) of energy are released. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by convention to be 4.184 gigajoules ( 1 gigacalorie), which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site, in 1951
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